Every Tourist Is A Voyeuring Gourmand Tourism Essay Essays

Each Tourist Is A Voyeuring Gourmand Tourism Essay Essays Each Tourist Is A Voyeuring Gourmand Tourism Essay Paper Each Tourist Is A Voyeuring Gourmand Tourism Essay Paper This section will go on from part two and purposes to talk in thing the culinary tourer. The examination specialist will determine the term culinary tourer and explain how these kinds of tourers can be sorted. This part will other than sketch the issues going up against practical touristry and validity comparable to supplement touristry and the culinary tourer. Besides, the examination laborer will closer view the Travel Activities and Motivation Survey ( TAMS ) which is viewed as the most extensive profiles accessible of culinary tourers. At last, the examination laborer will investigate the culinary tourer in Ireland. Despite the fact that data is scant according to the Irish culinary touristry industry, a Mintel study which was distributed in 2009 gives some discernment into both the universal and Irish tourers who occasion in Ireland. Eating is one of our most essential physiological requests in any event, when outside our standard condition ( Tikkanen 2007 ) . However, data on supplement touristry and the culinary tourer seems uncommon. Section two laid out the way that supplement is an extremely much ignored part of touristry writing ( Selwood 2003 ) . As an outcome of this lack of direct examination into supplement touristry, there are hardly any infiltrations into the segment and psychographic highlights of supplement tourers ( Wolf 2006 ) , and those entrances that do be are considered by Hall et Al ( 2003 ) to be for the most part shallow. Murray ( 2008 ) concurs and expresses that footings, for example, supplement touristry or the culinary tourer could be utilized in manners which are misleading and, as an outcome, may do improper judgments to be made by touristry contrivers and administrators. Murray ( 2008 ) proposes that one time culinary touristry has been distinguished as a potential road to arraign, t he characteristic tendency is to put the market, and that drives right away to cleavage. Be that as it may, a few tourers might be culinary partisans rather than culinary tourers, and albeit intrigued by supplement, culinary exercises are non the main purpose of movement for these kinds of tourers ( Murray 2008 ) . In vindictiveness of the affirmation that little is as yet thought about either the supplement purchasing conduct of tourers or of the capacity it plays in the general travel assurance, finishs are dynamically using supplement as an office to separate themselves and expand their market base ( Hall et al 2003 ; McKercher, Okumus, and Okumus 2008 ) . As aforesaid examined, supplement is an of import tourer alluring power and improves or is cardinal to the visitant experience ( Henderson 2009 ) . For some, supplement turns out to be amazingly experiential ( for example significantly more than utilitarian ) when it is segment of a movement experience, it can go sexy and creature, representative and formal, and can take on new hugeness and criticalness ( Hall et al 2003, p.61 ) . Long proposes that the culinary tourer foresees a modification in the foodways experience for the enthusiasm of sing that change, non basically to satisfy yearning ( Long 2004, p.21 ) . Yearns definition suggests that deliberateness is required while Wolf ( 2006, p.2 ) proposes an increasingly liberal definition ; the genuine culinary tourer is non a prude, however rather a swashbuckler who other than happens to be a fervent fan of supplement and drink . Accordingly, the culinary tourer could be characterized each piece slackly as individual who acknowledges neighborhood supplement or individual who spends cut in a food advertise shop in an outside state. Because of wide definitions, for example, this, one could concede why research on culinary tourers is uncommon. The Culinary Tourism in Ontario ( 2005-2015 ) Strategy and Action Plan puts forth an extremely baronial attempt to recognize tourers with deliberateness and the individuals who are better depicted as partisans. The Action Plan delineates culinary touristry markets being separated by a fear of what propels the explorer: Essential Travelers whose boss point of convergence and intention is for a culinary touristry experience. Optional Travelers whose point of convergence on culinary touristry is imparted to another touristry motivating force, for example, golf, shopping, sing family and companions. In any case, culinary touristry is segment of their way. Third Travelers whose agenda or motivating forces does non incorporate culinary touristry. Culinary touristry experience is slapped together or specially appointed to their unique reason ( Culinary Tourism in Ontario ( 2005-2015 ) Strategy and Action Plan, p.21 ) . 3.3 Location, Sustainable Tourism and Authenticity Sims ( 2009 ) remarks on the turning natural structure of examination which is get bringing down to turn out that esthesiss of gustatory sensation, contact, sound and smell can play an of import work inside the excursion experience, including that occasion supplement is going of impossible to miss significance to explore laborers ( Sims 2009, p.321 ) . Crotts and Kivela ( 2006, p.355 ) concur and reference that our centripetal perceptual encounters play a significant mental and physiological capacity in our appraisal and handle of supplement, as they accomplish for different encounters at a completion . Feasting out is an agreeable centripetal encounter, henceforth, the experience great factor which travelers experience as an outcome of supplement ingestion at a completion is a force factor and a selling and exchanging device that can non be belittled ( Crotts and Kivela 2006, p.355 ) . For this ground, one can reason that tourers oftentimes place impressive highlight on how they fee l at a completion, and how they experience what the completion offers, via cautiously picking that specific eating house and additionally supplement that may help through an impossible to miss individual want ( Crotts and Kivela 2006 ) . Albeit numerous surveies distinguish and address factors that influence finish pick and picture, extremely not many exact surveies address the capacity that supplement dramatizations in the way voyagers experience the completion. Eating wonts can other than flexibly an infiltration into lifestyles, helping tourers comprehend the contrasts between their ain human progress and those with which they come into contact with ( Hegarty and OMahoney 2001 ) . Be that as it may, it must be recognized that the grouping of supplements on offer at a completion can hold significant conclusions for the monetary, social and natural maintainability of that touristry area, with research laborers thinking that a point of convergence on privately sourced stocks can res ult in benefits for both the hosts and the culinary tourers ( Clark and Chabrel 2007 ; Sims 2009 ) . Sims ( 2009, p.322 ) contends that neighborhood supplement and drink stocks can better the financial and natural manageability of both touristry and the provincial host network through empowering reasonable farming examples, back uping nearby concerns and building an exchange name that can benefit the part by pulling more visitants and contributing . Moreover, Sims ( 2009 ) clarifies that nearby supplement can play an of import work in the feasible touristry experience since it pleas to the visitant s want for validity inside the get-away understanding. At present, there is an inclination towards cosmopolitan normalization and homogenization, which is shown by the spread of quick supplement ironss ( Henderson 2009 ; Keel 2010 ) . Simultaneously, tourers are going increasingly courageous and are loosened to new supplement encounters ( Daniele and Scarpato 2003 ; Henderson 2009 ) . Numerous culinary tourers are other than looking for veritable and dependable which can be found in neighborhood supplements and eating-places ( Henderson 2009 ) . Accordingly, one can reason that tourer finishs could effectively recognize from different areas through nearby solid supplement. As clarified above, dependable supplement ingestion at a completion makes a force factor for the purchaser ( Crotts and Kivela 2006, p.355 ) . Moreover, expanding tourer ingestion of neighborhood supplements can deliver a multiplier result that will benefit the nearby monetary framework and gracefully a consolation to country finishs hoping to build up a reasonable touristry industry ( Sims 2009 ; Torres, 2002 ) . In add-on, worries about the ecological impacts of shipping supplement over the Earth have driven examination laborers to reason that buying neighborhood supplement stocks is basic if the touristry business is to chop down its C footmark ( Mitchell and Hall 2003 ; Sims 2009 ) . In Rebe cca Sims ( 2009 ) article named Food, topographic point and validity , she concentrated how neighborhood supplement has the conceivable to elevate the visitant experience by connecting shoppers to the part and its detected development and legacy. She concentrated on two UK parts for her investigation, the Lake District and Exmoor. Her results showed that more than 60 % of the tourers met said that they had purposefully decided to eat up supplements or beverages that they thought about nearby while on an extended get-away which recommends that, tourers are looking for stocks that they feel will give them an infiltration into the idea of a topographic point and its kin Sims ( 2009, p.329 ) . Be that as it may, this interest for neighborhood supplement could other than be seen as a chase for validity. More than 50 % of the tourers met in this study said that they had purchased, or were distinctly be aftering to buy, supplement and drink as remembrances of their get-away, with under 10 % expressing that they were non keen on making so ( Sims 2009, p.328 ) . The token purchasers changed in their degrees of energy, from hesitant buyers who felt constrained to buy little presents for family unit or collaborators, to one eager twos

Top 10 Resources About College Graduate Resume Writing

Top 10 Resources About College Graduate Resume Writing Which is increasingly troublesome †enduring school or composing the resume once beginning is behind you? Despite the fact that youve spent the previous not many years composing papers each time you pivot, when you plunk down to set up your first post graduate resume, odds are youll wind up with the most serious instance of a mental obstacle youve ever had. In the event that it is the situation you may need to get to know our bit by bit direct on composing resume. Expounding on yourself and your scholarly achievements for a resume can be troublesome, however there are some extraordinary assets out there that can help make it significantly simpler. Yale Undergraduate Career Services You might not have scored an Ivy League training, however you can in any case have a resume that appears as though you did. The Yale Undergraduate Career Services site is an astounding asset loaded up with tips and deceives for everything from making that resume to acing the meeting. With workshops, recordings and tips on organizing, the professionals at Yale can assist you with creating a stunning resume that will get you took note. Their resume composing tips center chiefly around designing rules and the most ideal way t sort out your data. Site Top Tip: Make sure your resume can be perused on PCs, tablets and cell phones †no one can tell how the official you need to dazzle gets to their messages. ocs.yale.edu Graduate to Great The Grad to Great site presents counsel on continue composing for ongoing alumni who dont realize where to start. The sites gives test formats of the three top resume styles that you can download and change to accommodate your own style. They additionally give a huge number of work and systems administration assets and you can tail them on Twitter for a day by day prod. Site Top Tip: Get simple with a resume that highlights a lot of void area, strong realities about your accomplishments and an expert methodology. gradtogreat.com Beast Obviously, on the off chance that you need to find a new line of work it assists with hitting the activity organizing sites, and Monster has become the King of the Hill. Beast gives more than national employment postings, however, they likewise offer up various supportive articles and instructional exercises for ongoing alumni just as the individuals who have been in the game for quite a long time. Site Top Tip: Break liberated from the customary sequential organization if youre simply coming out of school. Utilize an increasingly present day position that attempts to feature your scholastic, metro and network accomplishments if youre lacking on true professional training. profession advice.monster.com School Grad The College Grad site looks truly fundamental from the outset, however dont let its shortsighted style deceive you. The College Grad site packs in a lot of substance †from free resume wizards to tests you can download and make your own. They likewise offer specific tips for video or innovative resumes for graduates investigating positions in the inventive expressions or who simply need to stand apart from the group. Site Top Tip: Treat yourself like an item and it can make it simpler to compose a resume that centers around selling you adequately. collegegrad.com School Central School Central fills in as a center point associating school graduates with bosses looking to effectively recruit. They likewise give content that centers both around continue composing and systems administration notwithstanding tips on getting an advancement and taking advantage of your position once you land the activity. Site Top Tip: Build associations with supervisors, collaborators and any other person you come into contact with from the moment you stroll through the entryway on a meeting. Make yourself at home and your questioner will be better ready to envision you there. collegecentral.com Resume-Help.Org Resume-Help is another stripped down site that encapsulates the substance over style reasoning. Their straightforward and tidy site presents layouts, tests and tips on designing that can assist you with creating a basic however amazing resume regardless of what field youre in. Site Top Tip: Be explicit about your achievements. Rather than referencing that you functioned as a supervisor, notice what number of individuals you oversaw or the benefits the organization experienced during that time. continue help.org IMDiversity The IMDiversity site offers a route for businesses and contender to interface on an unheard of level. They center basically around ongoing alumni just as assorted variety, thus the name. IMDiversity is particularly useful for understudies who concentrated principally on their scholastics thus might not have the business experience they think they need. Site Top Tip: When building up your resume, utilize humanitarian effort, board of trustees experience and other social or metro obligations to feature understanding and capacities if youre shy of genuine professional training. imdiversity.com New Grad Life New Grad Life covers everything late alumni need to think about moving toward the profession showcase, self advancement and nailing the meeting. They likewise extend to some employment opportunity postings, however their positions arent as changed as some different sites. Their resume help, in any case, centers around the freshest approaches to advertise yourself, including how to make an online resume pop. Site Top Tip: When setting up an online resume or portfolio use document sharing frameworks, your own blog, RSS Feeds and other web adroit applications to show what you can do over various stages. newgradlife.blogspot.com Experience As their name suggests, the Experience site is tied in with getting the experience you need so as to get the vocation you need. Their profession assist covers with initialing resume building, talk with aptitudes and tips on entry level positions and proceeding with training. Site Top Tip: While innovativeness is significant, dont assault potential managers with something over the top. Keep resumes and portfolios perfect, adapted and smoothed out so as to have the greatest effect. experience.com Theres additionally one site we didnt notice, think about what's going on here? Its EssayTigers! Weve finished a few articles on composing resume for undergrads, including essential resume rules and how to compose continue with no professional training. One all the more method to find support from us is to approach our expert journalists for help!

Financial accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Monetary bookkeeping - Essay Example Liquidity Analysis 12 Venture Analysis 13 Part B 15 Findings 15 Late Developments 16 Recommendations 17 Part C 17 About IASB and FASB 17 Transitional Reliefs 18 Conclusion 19 References 20 Appendices 24 Presentation This undertaking is isolated into three sections. The initial segment incorporates the near examination of the two UK-based organizations J Sainsbury Plc and Tesco Plc, in light of the fiscal summaries and other significant data gave in the companies’ 2011 yearly reports. This incorporates the proportion examination and offer value developments alongside the FTSE 100 developments for as far back as about a month. The subsequent part incorporates the discoveries dependent on the money related examination from the initial segment and the proposals which follow from the discoveries concerning which organization has potential for better long haul speculation. The third piece of the task has the short history of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and a rundown of transitional reliefs conceded by the two sheets for the review utilization of another income standard to guarantee the similarity of incomes over all revealing p eriods. Goals of the Project The goals of this task are: †¢ To make a similar examination of Sainsbury and Tesco with the assistance of proportion investigation, share developments and related industry news †¢ To suggest which organization would be better for long haul investment.... The examination and translation is likewise helped by considering the business news identified with the retailers’ business. The four transitional reliefs identified with the income acknowledgment standard the IASB and FASB have conceded in June 2011, are talked about. Section A Background of Sainsbury and Tesco John James Sainsbury and his significant other established Sainsbury in 1869 with just one retail location in London. From that point forward it has developed the biggest retailer in UK with 934 stores comprising 377 accommodation stores and 557 grocery stores. It has a joint proprietorship in Sainsbury Bank alongside Lloyds Banking Group. The organization likewise has 2 property joint endeavors with The British Land Company Plc and Land Securities Group Plc. In the year 2010/11 Sainsbury developed by normal development pace of 8.5% as far as space. It was the principal retailer to open a bank in UK and the bank gives advances, charge cards, protections and investment funds (J Sainsbury Plc, 2011). Sainsbury works in 5 vital zones driven 5 key qualities: Great food, general and product dress, integral administrations and channels, new business improvement, and making property estimation and developing space (J Sainsbury Plc-a, 2011). Tesco was established by Jack Cohen in 1919 in London. The organization has a dream to be profoundly esteemed by the network, clients, staff and investors and to turn into a cutting edge imaginative and development organization applying abilities internationally (Tesco Plc, 2011). The organization has a seven section procedure to extend its business with feasible long haul development: Grow the center business in UK, be an extraordinary on the web and store universal retailer, become solid in different organizations other than food, develop retail benefits taking all things together

The Trial on Trial - Literature Essay Samples

Since its original date of publication in 1925, Franz Kafka’s The Trial has resisted interpretation. At first glance, the novel’s seemingly simple and serial sequence of events poses no problem for the reader. Though the incidents that involve Joseph K. are themselves particularly odd and almost fantastic, the reader is able to follow. However, in the second to last chapter of the novel, the reader encounters an utterly confounding story about one man’s entrance to â€Å"the Law.† The chapter, and the story contained therein, poses a problem for one who wishes to ask ‘what is The Trial about?’ Though it seems reasonable to be able to extrapolate the â€Å"bigger meaning† of the novel itself from a story contained within, both portions of the novel resist an analysis that results in a clear-cut conclusion. The story â€Å"Before the Law,† the text for the discussion between the priest and K. in the chapter â€Å"In the Cathe dral,† is open to a wide-range of interpretations and when confronted with this tale, the reader and K. become frustrated at the lack of a solid, logical end. This experience, however, is not at all isolated to this particular chapter; within The Trial, there is a systematic denial of definite, unambiguous conclusions. Throughout the novel, the reader actively tries to come to a variety of conclusions concerning the â€Å"meaning† of â€Å"Before the Law† and K.’s trial while seeking an illuminating connection between the two. Ultimately, however, Kafka’s tale leaves him without anything concrete and, as a result, without a solid interpretation. â€Å"Before the Law† frustrates the reader not because it is particularly complicated, but because it seems at once to be full of contradiction and paradox but, after some examination, there seem to be no inconsistencies present. Though it comes as a rather unsatisfying conclusion, â€Å"Before the Law’ serves very well to sum up the problems readers associate with The Trial; there is no rhyme, reason, or calculable projection of the end to K.’s judicial procedures, and, in the end, the importance of his innocence or guilt is completely suspended. Many of the problems associated with interpretations of The Trial stem from the translation of the title of the work itself. The German title is Der Prozess, for the intuitive English reader, â€Å"the process.† The differentiation between the two terms â€Å"trial† and â€Å"process† speaks directly to the difficulty of understanding inherent in the novel. The trial, according to the nuanced English word, indicates both a judicial process, that is, evidence discovery, statements by parties, and moderation by a judge, and finally an absolute judgment at the end of such a process. As one can see, there appears a stark contrast between the process itself and that which one expects to come at the end of it, a judgment. It is this very disconnect between what is provided to the reader and what the reader intuitively expects that exacerbates the problems of The Trial. Though it is (to say the least) odd to find courtrooms and stages within apartment complexes and nymphomaniac women hounding defendants, the reader can handle it, and though these events are very strange, they are not deal breakers. What really bothers the reader is the lack of a decision, the conspicuous absence of any â€Å"definites† that point to K.’s acquittal (or even his innocence or guilt). K.’s acquittal seems, after speaking to Titorelli, to be nearly impossible to achieve. According to the painter, there are three ways in which one may progress through the court system; acquittal, though the most desired outcome, is a historic anomaly. The painter says that K.’s innocence, however, should ensure his acquittal and that the judges need to see nothing more than evide nce thereof. K., however, says that this is a contradiction; K.’s innocence seems (at least to him) to be entirely evident and he has yet to be acquitted. Furthermore, prior to the discussion of the acquittal, the painter spoke at length as to how one may influence judges in order to achieve a favorable verdict. â€Å"These contradictions can be easily explained,† the painter replies. â€Å"We’re talking about two different things here, what the Law says, and what I’ve experienced personally; you mustn’t confuse the two.† (153) Though it seems true that there isn’t a contradiction present here per se, the reader does detect something a little unsettling; the Law, apparently, is not always followed – but who is the Law? Is it just those gigantic, lengthy, complicated tomes that contain all the court precedents of the past hundred years, or is the Law the people who effect rulings and hold court? In much the same way as K. cannot solidly grasp the ethereal nature of the court system, the reader cannot fully conclude who, or what, it is that strictly composes the Law. This lack of a resolution causes the shock associated with K.’s execution at the end of the novel, and though it is a type of â€Å"final judgment,† it does not follow from any easily discernable methods of justice. For, in The Trial, there truly is no such thing as justice; the reader does not encounter notions of traditional, or at least rational, legal justification anywhere within the text. The reader’s frustration inevitably comes to a head in the second to last chapter, â€Å"In the Cathedral.† At the point just before the introduction of the story â€Å"Before the Law,† the reader is aware that the novel is near its end. Up until this point, the reader has not been presented with anything remotely resembling a definite decision about K. and his status qua defendant; surely, the reader assur es himself, there must come some sort of denouement that will make clear exactly what is occurring in this book. Unfortunately, the story that seems at once to explain the contents of The Trial serves only to perpetuate the ambiguous qualities of the novel itself. The story â€Å"Before the Law† concerns a man’s attempt at entry into â€Å"the law.† The story, however, never commits itself to any particulars concerning who is to blame for the man’s inability to enter, and furthermore, the reader is never told what â€Å"the law† is. It seems that the identity of â€Å"the law† is perfectly obvious, but keeping in line with the differing translations of â€Å"der prozess,† â€Å"the law† does not necessarily imply justice and definite decision. â€Å"The law,† then, is perhaps just a process that has no ultimate (party beneficial or otherwise) conclusion, much like the man’s experience in his attempts to gain entrance. As the discussion between the priest and K. shows, there are many ways to interpret the story. At first, K. is convinced that the man was deceived – â€Å"the doorkeeper conveyed the crucial information only when it could no longer be of use to the man.† (217) The priest, however, shows that the doorkeeper in fact did not deceive, but only served his duty by answering the questions that he could. In order for the doorkeeper to have deceived the man, the priest says, a contradiction must arise from â€Å"the two important statements† given by the doorkeeper; â€Å"’that he can’t grant him admittance now’; and the other: ‘this entrance was meant solely for you.’† (217). To the reader (and to K.), however, this does not seem satisfactory – both parties still think that the doorkeeper withheld important information which could have at once possibly provided the man with entrance into the law, or dissuaded him from wasting his life waiting for the opportunity to enter. The priest goes on to discuss other opinions of the story; that the doorkeeper is actually the one deceived and that he is subordinate to the man, or that both are in fact deceived. The priest, however, does not ever commit to one interpretation of the story; he is merely â€Å"pointing out the various opinions that exist on the matter.† (218). He is quick to warn K. however, that he â€Å"mustn’t pay too much attention to opinions,† which, as the reader must surely feel, is a particularly out of place warning. Why discuss the opinions at all if K. should not pay attention to them? Throughout the discussion, however, the priest does provide two statements which are free of bias, that is, they do not tend to support any distinct interpretation of the text as to whether it was the doorkeeper or the man who was the one deceived. First, the priest states that â€Å"the commentators tell us: th e correct understanding of a matter and misunderstanding the matter are not mutually exclusive.† (219) This statement goes, unfortunately, untouched by K. throughout the rest of the conversation, and though at first glance it seems to propose a contradiction, or at least a paradox, it is actually quite helpful in unpacking the story and The Trial as a whole. The discussion between the priest and K. that follows the story is based off of the assumption that one person (most likely the man, potentially the doorkeeper) is being deceived. Though perhaps adequately explained away by the priest after K.’s initial reaction to the story, the idea of deception generates the ensuing conversation. The notion of deception implies a deceiver and one who is deceived; K. thinks it is the man who is deceived by the doorkeeper, while the priest proposes arguments in favor of the opposite. Both interpretations seem viable, but the real question is not who is deceived, but if there is at all any deception present in the story. What at first seem to be contradictions to the reader and K., such as â€Å"correct understanding and misunderstanding not being mutually exclusive,† are, in fact, not contradictions at all. Instead of the man or the doorkeeper, it is the reader who is being deceived by the proposition of statements that initially seem to be negations. At first, a contradiction is welcoming, for it brings with it a definite â€Å"one or the other† quality. Kafka, however, keeping in line with the perplexing nature of the court system that pervades the rest of the novel, systematically unveils the ambiguous nature of the ensuing discussion and the story itself. To begin discussing the first of the â€Å"contradictions,† it is best to define the words that carry the most significance, which in this case are â€Å"correct† and â€Å"misunderstanding.† â€Å"Correct† implies an objective standard in which there is some matter X, and there is a way to understand it Y that everyone (either by consensus or by mandate from, say a judicial proceeding?) treats as absolutely unalterably right. â€Å"Misunderstanding,† however, is subjective – one can misunderstand matter X in a variety of ways. Misunderstanding, however, does not directly imply incorrectness; it just means that one did not understand matter X in the usual way. Perhaps even further, one can perceive matter X completely backwards and find himself in a paradox, but this does not absolutely rule out that understanding matter X backwards or differently than the norm means one’s understanding is incorrect (re. the opposite of correct and thusly mutually exclusive). In addition there seems to be a difference between the parts of speech of â€Å"the correct understanding† and â€Å"misunderstanding;† though the first appears to be a noun (because of the word ‘the’), the second phrase c ould be either a noun or a verb, that is, the process of misunderstanding. K., in his discussion with the priest, is engaged in a process of understanding (or, misunderstanding) the story – however, due to the sheer number of viable interpretations available it seems as if there is no such thing as â€Å"the correct understanding.† Or perhaps, even further than that, all interpretations of the story are â€Å"the correct understanding† even if they flow from an obfuscation of the facts of the story. In this way it seems that â€Å"Before the Law† does not resist interpretation whatsoever, for it provides fertile ground for a myriad of analyses! The effect, however, is a reflection of the problem persistent throughout the rest of the novel. If every understanding is viable, then there is no ‘this is wrong, and this is right,’ and so, the â€Å"correct† understanding can result from an utter misunderstanding of the text. The second s tatement made by the priest is one that concerns truth and necessity. After discussing the final interpretation of the story, that it is impossible to pass judgment of any kind on the actions of the doorkeeper in his capacity as servant of â€Å"the law,† K. declares that in order to accept that particular opinion, one must consider everything that the doorkeeper said was in fact true. The priest responds â€Å"No†¦you don’t have to consider everything true, you just have to consider it necessary.† (223). K., clearly despondent, replies that it is â€Å"a depressing opinion†¦ Lies are made into a universal system.† (223) The distinction made between â€Å"truth† and â€Å"necessity† is unpleasant as it leaves the reader with a third option that invades the generally accepted true/false dichotomy: not false. In the â€Å"Before the Law† story, the doorkeeper does not provide the man with all information relevant to the e vents that are currently taking place or could take place in the story. In fact, he seems to give only half of what would be pertinent to the man; that â€Å"you cannot enter now† could be followed up with either â€Å"but you can in five minutes or time X† or, even worse, â€Å"and you cannot enter ever in the future.† These are possible additions to the initial statement, and they could be useful to the man – but the doorkeeper does not utter them. Does that make him a liar, that is, a disseminator of falsities? Or is he telling the truth, but leaving something out – and in neglecting to say something, is that lying? Unfortunately, there is no way to arrive at either extreme of truth, and therefore, the initial doorkeeper statement must be this third thing – not false. Once again, there is no definite answer that one can construct with regards to the doorkeeper’s statements to the man waiting to enter the law – K., and the priest, cannot even agree on what should seem to be an easy question; whether or not the doorkeeper is lying. There are no concrete conclusions because, as K. says, â€Å"lies are made into a universal system;† there is no way to detect that which is definitely true or false using evidentiary support because every facet of the story generates multiple viable interpretations. The doorkeeper, as the priest explains to K., must have contradicted himself in his two important statements in order for him to have made, oddly enough, a contradiction and, therefore, deceived the man. The two statements given by the doorkeeper, â€Å"that he can’t grant him admittance now,† and â€Å"this entrance was meant solely for you [the man],† at first seem incongruous for it doesn’t seem to make sense that an entrance made for just one person would also be eternally closed to him. If in fact a contradiction did arise from these statements then it would be c lear that the doorkeeper, whether intentionally or not, deceived the man. It is, however, not that clear, for the doorkeeper says that he cannot grant admittance to the man â€Å"now.† The implication that arises from this statement is that the man, though denied admittance at that time, will, at a later date, be granted admittance. The fact that he is not eventually granted admittance is troubling and seems to, once again, speak to the indefinite nature of what the doorkeeper says. The second statement uttered by the doorkeeper concerns those properties that are attributed to the entrance. The doorkeeper states at the end of the story that ‘the entrance was meant solely for [the man].’ When the reader is initially met with this declaration, he feels slight anger at the fact that this information has been withheld from the man. Even worse, the reader cannot understand why, when the entrance was meant for the man, that he was never admitted; it seems it is impossible to decipher the reasons (if there are any?) as to why the man was never granted admission. There is, however, something very clear about the conversation that takes place between the doorkeeper and the man; when the man asks the doorkeeper why no one else has ever requested admittance to â€Å"the law,† the doorkeeper does not actually answer his question. Because of his answer, we assume that the man was asking about this entrance and why no one else ever came by to ask to be let in, and the reader is met with a potentially sufficient answer in that this particular entrance was meant only for this particular man. Here, yet again, the reader is provided with a â€Å"non-false;† it is not false that the entrance was solely for the man because the readers of the novel have no evidence to the contrary, but it does not necessarily seem true either, for the man was never admitted. Perhaps the doorkeeper, in keeping in line with leaving out the potential last half of his previous sentence, forgot to finish this last statement – that, perhaps, the entrance was meant only to test the man, or that this entrance was meant solely for the man to wait by for an eternity. These possibilities are extrapolations and not supported individually by the text of the story, but their potential applicability serves only to show that â€Å"Before the Law† is a microcosm of the systematic lack of definites that pervades the rest of the novel. Even further, it is possible that the second important piece of information that the doorkeeper bestows upon the man comes only as a result of the man’s attendance to the law for so many years. It is feasible to imagine that, at the beginning of the events within the tale, the man was in fact given all the information that the doorkeeper could have told him. From there, it took the apparent commitment of the man to sit and stay by the entrance to show that he was ready to enter â€Å"the law, † and perhaps he even did. In keeping with the erratic, unreasonable themes of the rest of The Trial, in which the courts seem to be a corrupt, illogical sort of system, â€Å"the law† in the story could be simply the mirror of the frustrating process in which K. finds himself throughout the novel. The man was put on a sort of trial without him even being aware of such, and after showing that he was committed to the law, he was finally disallowed access; a very unexpected result, but once again, a result in line with the unpredictable and surprising nature of â€Å"the law,† the doorkeeper, and the court system of the novel. Another question worth asking is what would have happened if the man had simply ignored the doorkeeper and entered through his own volition. The doorkeeper gives the very last words of the story and, after he says that the entrance was meant solely for the man, he declares â€Å"I’m going to go and shut it now.† (217) Now, it seems, that the entrance was always open but the man was intimidated by the doorkeeper; perhaps this was the â€Å"trial† by which the man was to be judged worthy to achieve â€Å"the law.† Since the story ends without the man replying to the doorkeeper’s statement, the reader must assume that the man, ultimately, does not achieve his goal. The differentiation between the doorkeeper’s presence at the gate and the (apparently) physically open entrance begs more questions as to whether or not the doorkeeper was lying to the man in telling him that he could not enter. Nothing about the physicality of the opening to â€Å"the law† has seemed to have changed throughout the story and therefore, since the man seemingly could have entered at any time he wished, whatever the doorkeeper had said is utterly irrelevant. But once again, though the presence of the doorkeeper and the physical opening of the gate are not contradictions or mutually exclusi ve, there is nothing definite about the situation that would allow K. or the reader to arrive at a specific conclusion. Though each facet of the novel seems to resist a thorough and reasonable understanding, reading The Trial in light of the story â€Å"Before the Law† helps to unpack some of the themes present within the larger text. K.’s interaction with the court system is so confusing and exasperating because nowhere is there an iota of logic – there quite simply doesn’t seem to be any rhyme or reason why K. is on trial and how he may prove his innocence through the process. â€Å"Before the Law† sparks so many interpretations that it seems any understanding (even an arguable misunderstanding, as in the case of K.’s initial analysis) is feasible and as a result, there is no notion of an objective correct or incorrect way to resolve the problem. Kafka systematically plants passages within the text that at first seem to propose contra dictions but, after examination, the reader discovers that there is no inconsistency; there is only myriad interpretation. There are no definites discernable within â€Å"Before the Law† and The Trial in general; no definitely wrong or correct interpretations and, as a result, no definite conclusions about K.’s innocence, the man’s entry into â€Å"the law,† and the doorkeeper’s deception. ReferencesKafka, Franz. The Trial. Schocken Books: New York, 1998.

My Communication Experience With Patient - 791 Words

I would like to discuss my communication experience with patient that happened in nursing home during placement. To describe the situation, I will use Gibbs’ (1988) Model of Reflection. Pete Lindsay, Jeff D. Breckon, Owen Thomas, Ian W. Maynard, 2007, pg. 340 explained this model as a cyclic approach which facilitates the continual development of practitioners as they progress through each six stage involved in it. It was my first placement and I was gleeful. I was given an opportunity to work independently on the third day. To begin with, I will describe about the condition of my patient, my feelings when I met him, good things which I learnt, impact of this communication on our relationship, discovered innate trait of myself and the areas in which I thought I need to improve. Communication is considered as nitty-gritty of nursing care which requires clear communication with client, the family and health care members. It has been stated by Peggy Rupp Wysong, and Evelyn Driver, 2009, p. 25 that communication with patient is a vital nursing skill. I also encountered significance of communication with paralysed patient having aphasia after stroke. I was given an opportunity to take care of him and assist him in his daily activities. I washed my hands and introduced myself to him and greeted him after entering into his room. He also responded nicely but could not speak clearly. He then pointed towards toilet and I put him on wheel-chair and took him to toilet. Intermittently,Show MoreRelatedEffective Communication Within A Workplace854 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication skills are very important no matter where or who you are. Communication within a workplace can determine whether a business or individual is successful or not. Understanding effective communi cation in a medical setting helps hospitals and doctor offices develop a work environment that is able to communicate effectively with coworker, patients and doctors in order to take of the patients needs. Listening, clarity and Patience are three main keys to effective communication within aRead MoreThe Importance Of Rapport Building For Effective Communication1527 Words   |  7 PagesEffective Communication Communication is a fundamental constituent of workplace operation, particularly for those working in health care. For health care professionals, this is extremely important as verbal and non-verbal communication are critical for ensuring that correct diagnosis and treatment is provided. This was reinforced when I had the opportunity to speak to a psychiatric nurse about the communications skills she considers to be essential for building relationships with patients and colleaguesRead MoreReflective Reflection On Reflective Practice1474 Words   |  6 PagesReflection is a form of personal response to experiences, situations and events. Reflective practice therefore is based on experience and instinctive learning that one may not aware of it until responded to the situation. It demonstrates how to combine with ones qualities and clinical knowledge and skills in order to .deliver safe and effective patient care. (Jones, 2016).Individuals reflects because issues arise that needs to be considered both before and after one performs. The piece of reflectionRead MoreNursing Reflection1649 Words   |  7 Pageshappened in my earlier years of working as a professional nurse. The incident I am sharing and the subsequent learning I have gained by reflecting it helped me in the later years of my nursing career. During my career as a professional nurse I have worked in several hospitals also attended several cases and those provided me with lot of insights and leanings. As per NMC 2002 guidelines, for protecting identify of the patient, names have been replaced with pseudo names. For structuring my experience and theRead MoreRole As A Student Of Higher Education, By Rosemary Keogh R David Walker1495 Words   |  6 Pagesessay based on my experience in communicating in a group setting and the importance of communication in my future role as a mental health nurse. The reason for choosing communication is because throughout my three years of studying it will be a recurring skill that I will require in order competent and confident in delivering the best care to the patients, carers and their families. In this essay I will be using Gibbs (1988), to assist me to reflect in a clear way, to challenge my assumptions, exploreRead MoreEffective Communication For The Nursing Profession1493 Words   |  6 Pageson Effective Communication Skills in the Nursing Profession. Name: Carmela Alitin Student Number: n9713271 Unit: PYB007 Communication for Health Professionals Tutor: Aleana Green Tutorial: Thursdays 11am-1pm, Z-607 Word Count: 1,380 A Reflective Essay on Effective Communication Skills in the Nursing Profession â€Å"Effective communication is integral in every profession, but in nursing, it could mean the difference between life and death,† (E.S Alitin, personal communication, 31 March, 2016)Read MoreClinical Practice Reflection1592 Words   |  7 PagesA REFLECTIVE CLINICAL PRACTICE EXPERIENCE Introduction My reflective clinical practice experience was based on my eight weeks placement in an acute mental health ward in a hospital. I was not sure of what to expect because I have never worked or placed in an acute ward and this was my second placement. Before starting my placement, I visited the ward and was inducted around the ward. This gave me a bit of confidence and reassurance about working in an acute ward. Reflection is a process ofRead MoreReflective Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagessetting. The aim of this essay is to explore how members of the Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) worked together and communicate with each other to achieve the best patients outcome. Reflection is an everyday process and is very personal matter. Jasper (2003) suggests that reflection is one of the key ways in which we can learn from our experiences. Reflective practice can be defined as process of making sense of events, situations and actions that occur in the workplace (Oelofsen, 2012). There are aRead MoreReflective Account on the Importance of Non Verbal Communication in an Acute Setting1584 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This assignment is a reflective account of my first experience when assisting a patient to eat lunch. For the purpose of this assignment I will refer to this patient as Mrs C to maintain confidentiality and comply with the NMC code (2008). It will discuss the importance of non-verbal communication when providing effective nursing care to the elderly. As a framework for this reflection I am going to use the Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle which uses 6 stages; description, thoughts andRead MoreNursing Reflection on Clincial Prcatice Essay1290 Words   |  6 Pages Reflection on Clinical Practice – First Placement (Year 1) The following essay is a reflective account on an event that I, a student nurse encountered whilst on my first clinical placement in my first year of study. The event took place in a nursing home. All names have been changed to protect the confidentiality of the patient (NMC, 2008). Throughout this essay I shall be using Gibbs model of reflection. The following reflective account also forms one aspect of the EC hour’s directive, namely

My Role As An Educator - 1218 Words

The purpose of education is vast and serves many different objectives. Education is meant to cultivate a child’s intelligence, promote their social well-being, and encourage full development. This will be done by promoting learning through group and individual work, managing my classroom, creating a community within the classroom and school, and accepting while also incorporating diversity. My role as an educator will be to seek the involvement of all students within the classroom, consider each student’s opinion and learning styles, and most importantly teach from my heart. I believe that all children can learn and that learning, at an elementary age, should be social. Since learning does not always occur at the same time or in the†¦show more content†¦Each of the students will have confidence in their abilities, respect others, work cooperatively, and will be active in their learning. These goals will be within reach because of the classroom management, instructional strategies, and forms of assessment in the classroom. Students will be involved in making the rules of the classroom so that they know what is expected of them. The forms of instruction will vary in hopes to reach every child’s way of learning. My use of differentiated instruction and small group work will allow students access to many different ways to comprehend a topic, such as learning by doing and learning from their peers. In John Dewey’s work, My Pedagogic Creed, he explains the importance of learning by doing which is also learning from one’s own experiences. The differentiated instruction that I will implement in my classroom will allow the students to learn by doing because they will have many different options within the classroom. John Dewey also mentions the importance of the teacher being engaged in the classroom and with the students. This will allow students to develop social graces with their peers and also be a part of a su pportive learning environment. When students can learn from their own experiences, they are more likely to remember the information. The acceptance and integration of diversity would be of great importance in my classroom. Learning

Learning Strategies Policies and Outcomes

Question: Discuss about the Learning Strategies for Policies and Outcomes. Answer: Introduction: The article aims to document recent trends in gender gaps in wages and employment in Spain. The paper is the updated version of a report that was a background paper for the World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development by the World Bank. As per the article, despite that impressive decline in the gender gap in employment, the chances are that women work less in comparison to males. The gender gap in wages is still high. The most notifying aspect is that gender gap is wages is driven primarily by differences in returns to individual characteristics. Female employment has the prime focus on lower paid jobs like sales, service and clerical support as the responsibilities of such jobs are less. In spite of the fact that women have more qualification than men, they earn less as per the labour market features. The existing literature indicates that reaction of households to incentives put forward by different policies and reforms are responsible to some extent for the femal e labour market features. The paper suggests that there are glass-ceiling and sticky-floor effects on female wages. A huge influx of immigrants allows educated women to enter the labour market. However, there is a need for changes to be made in policies to shorten the gap existing in gender wage gap. Critique: The article throws light on the fact that though the Spanish labour market has witnessed a significant transformation in the recent few decades, the gender gap in employment and wages is still prevalent. Statistical analysis of the data gives a clear picture of the reasons why gender wage gap is still there in Spain. The results are indicative that there is a strong self-selection into the labour market. There is a negative correlation between the gender employment gap and gender wage gap across countries. The strength of the article is that it uses descriptive statistics for drawing the results. The statistical measures used are the Machado-Mata decomposition methods, the Oaxaca decomposition method, quantile regressions. These statistical analysis methods are noteworthy methods of data analysis as they help in discovering predictable relationships between the variables. The findings of the study are not generalisable as the study is restricted to data from only one countr y that is Spain. The literature used in this article is relevant and have the important relation to this article. The article is successful in supporting arguments put up by literature used in the article regarding the confounding relationship between gender employment gap and gender pay gap. Implications for an essay: The article adds to the understanding of the topic as it highlights the fundamental reasons why gender pay gap is into existence and how this issue can be resolved. The social implications of the gender pay gap are the main highlight of the article, strengthening the argument that a number of reasons coming up from the society are responsible for gender pay gap. The article studied the slow convergence in the gender gap in wages for addressing the gap existing in literature that has given attention to the indicators for women wage inequality. The study paid attention to the most considerable factor that affects trends in gender gap wages, that is changes taking place in the social organisation of work front. The authors carry out a suitable assessment of the existing relationship between drifts in overwork and drifts in the pattern of gender wage gap. The assessment was carried out by using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) data from 1979 to 2009, and it was supplemented by the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data. The analysis features the graphical description of formal wage trends. The study concluded that though there have been remarkable changes in the education of women and their entry into the labour forces, convergence in the gender gap in wages has not shown much progress. As men have more chances of en gaging in overwork, wages on men are more in comparison to women, exacerbating the gender wage gap. Long work hours are more considered by men than women, and situation of men commonly following the custom of overwork is always implanted in occupational cultures and organisational practices. Critique: The authors argue that the relative prevalence of overwork in managerial and professional occupations can help in understanding the invariable gender gap in wages in such occupations. The article put up a sturdy experimental association between gender pay gaps and developments in overwork as a part of organisation culture. It puts forward the point that as we gradually shift towards valuing long work hours, we pave the path for wage inequality. The MORG analytic sample of the study has a limitation of including civilian workers whose age is between 18 and 64 years. Self-employed workers were excluded from the study, also adding to the limitation. It is very important to have suitable inclusion and exclusion criteria in any research. The article has clear graphical representations of data, adding to the suitability. The findings are generalisable as data has been gathered from a large and varied section of the populations. The article is successful in presenting other resear ch. The literature used is aligned with the overall argument of the research. The literature review section has encompassed innumerable literary sources, making it a rich review altogether. Implications for the essay: The study has achieved new heights in illustrating how novice methods of organising work load can disseminate previous forms of gender equality. It strengthens the argument that gender wage gap can be diminished if changes are brought in the differences in the amount of time given by men and women to their organisations. The article is significant for the present discussion as it threw light on gender wage gaps, glass ceilings and sticky floors as prevalent in Europe. The authors attempted to gain insight into the gender wage gap that is prevalent in 26 countries of Europe. They considered data to be collected from a varied range of sources to make it a credible research paper. Data was collected from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. The range of gender wage gap has variation across countries, and this aspect is significant in the process of understanding its intensity on a worldwide basis. Quantile regressions were undertaken in the research. It indicated that the trend in a number of countries is that the wage gap is more at the top and / or at the bottom of the distribution of wages. Cross-country variation in wage gaps was used for a large sample for exploring the impact of policies reconciling family life and work and wage-setting institutions. It was found that ins titutions and policies have a major relation with the gender wage gap in quantitatively significant approach. Critique: The main argument of the article is that the gap being wider at the top of the distribution is referred to as glass ceilings whereas the gap being more at the bottom of the distribution is referred to as sticky floors. The results suggested that larger median/mode gender gap is common. Moreover, glass ceilings are more common for employees who work full-time. This means that females are suffer disadvantage in jobs that are better. These attributes are related to policies of different countries that vary from each other. Evaluation cannot be done individually for each country at one single go. The strength of the study is that it strives to compare data from different countries, making it a valuable study on the research topic of gender wage gap. The limitation of the study is that it is written in a critical manner and a more simple use of terms and flow of writing would have been beneficial. The findings of the study are generalisable as data had been collected from 26 dif ferent countries of Europe. The article is supported by a number of literature that helps in establishing the main inferences from the study. It is in alignment with other literature on this area of research. Implications for the essay: The article helps in understanding whether there is any relation between gender pay gap and patterns of policies and institutions in every country. It supports the idea that future work is needed for considering changes in policies and institutions that have the potential to bring changes in gender gaps with the passage of time. The article provided an overview of the primary factors that contribute to gender pay in Australia, Europe and UK. The rationale for the study was that even after four years of implementing the first equal pay legislation, there is still the issue of gender wage gap in the society as women face such discrimination in the labour market. Moreover, in some countries, the issue is becoming more widespread with each passing year. There is no resistance to stop the growing consequences of gender wage gap in many countries. The research was conducted by reviewing papers addressing the research topic of international perspectives on gender pay gap. The article identified four main themes: legal developments and the impact of such developments, conceptual and theoretical debates, employer demands and wage setting demands and emerging inequalities regarding pay within ethnic and educational groups. The four themes were used for underlining how the trends capture gender wage gap dynamism. The m ain dimensions emerging from the paper were link between bargaining and litigation strategies, interaction between new practices in organisation and institutions that set wages, and lastly, the spectrum of diversity strands that have competition among themselves for getting equal treatment. Critique: The article argues that diversity management together with HR management have made some contribution to notable improvements in closing gender pay gap. The demands for equality in the pay of men and women need to have a proper context. The article also point out that gender pay gaps have a distinctive variation between advanced countries. It further argues that though in some countries the trend has seen a downfall, in other countries the achievement is reversed. The article has the strength of reviewing papers that are recent in publication. A systematic search for the papers had been conducted, making all the included articles to be relevant for the study. The findings are generalisable as papers from all over the world had been included for the review. The research had been undertaken after a thorough literature search. The overall arguments and counter-arguments presented are noteworthy and appreciable. Implications for an essay: The article supports the idea that progress in closing the generated gender wage gap in the coming years would be difficult. It helps in getting a clear picture of what is required for making a collective effort to close the gap and how success can be achieved. It, however, warns that accomplishing victory not be a quick process and more research would be needed in this direction. Critical paragraph: The four research articles highlight the main reasons why gender pay gap is still found in many countries across the globe. While gender pay gap is traditionally low in some countries, it is significantly high in some countries. The widening of the gender pay gap is thought to be a result of expansion if the employment of women in sectors where wages are low (Ludsteck 2014). The articles address this concern to a considerable extent. They bring out the social reasons why such gap exists, implying that changes brought about in these sectors who diminish the rate of the pay gap between the two genders. As opined by Saur and Zoabi (2014) the universal factor accounting for the gap is a lack of impactful reforms and policies and absence of strong institutions. The articles have this fact as the underlying principle in the researches undertaken. All the four articles have succeeded in outlining the need of future research and the domains that need urgent attention if the world is to be ma de free of gender wage gap. The four articles have provided the required information on the research topic and enlightened the readers. References Cha, Y. and Weeden, K.A., 2014. Overwork and the slow convergence in the gender gap in wages.American Sociological Review,79(3), pp.457-484 Christofides, L.N., Polycarpou, A. and Vrachimis, K., 2013. Gender wage gaps,sticky floors and glass ceilings in Europe.Labour Economics,21, pp.86-102. Guner, N., Kaya, E. and Snchez-Marcos, V., 2014. Gender gaps in Spain: policies and outcomes over the last three decades.SERIEs,5(1), pp.61-103. Ludsteck, J., 2014. The impact of segregation and sorting on the gender wage gap: Evidence from German linked longitudinal employer-employee data.Industrial Labor Relations Review,67(2), pp.362-394. OReilly, J., Smith, M., Deakin, S. and Burchell, B., 2015. Equal Pay as a Moving Target: International perspectives on forty-years of addressing the gender pay gap. Cambridge Journal of Economics. 39 (2) pp. 299-317. Saur, P. and Zoabi, H., 2014. International trade, the gender wage gap and female labor force participation.Journal of Development Economics,111, pp.17-33.

Money and Class in america, the great gatsby Essay Example

Money and Class in america, the great gatsby Essay In Money and class in America a book by Lewis Alphas, Alphas tells us his observations on how Americans view wealth, how Americans are deflected by the pursuit of money. In The Great Gatsby, it is shown Just how wealth creates social ranks and affects society One of the major themes of The Great Gatsby is the corruption of society and its people. Corruption is defined as decomposition or disorientation, in the process of putrefaction; putrefaction; deterioration. But how would people of such a wealthy ND relaxed life come to be corrupt, would be a difficult question to without seeing and experiencing the characters of this masterpiece of F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby truly reinstates the fact that the rich and the beautiful do have problems. The Buchannan are millionaires that are spending their lazy days with their lazy life. How does decomposition and disorientation come into this on to this tale? Well of course there is infidelity, and not Just by one of them but both. We will write a custom essay sample on Money and Class in america, the great gatsby specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Money and Class in america, the great gatsby specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Money and Class in america, the great gatsby specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Tom is corrupt harasser, he is a racist, sexist, hypocrite, arrogant, dishonest and more. Yet he comes from a rich and socially stable family, this powerful status keeps other off his backs, and he is free to roam about with his outrageous views and ego. When Tom begins to discover Daisys affair with Gatsby, he almost immediately faces this, with a few angry looks and words. But he doesnt think of hypocrisy that he is showing with his second significant other Myrtle. Tom is an example of what sasss old money comes to be, only propelled by their upper class status. They are too good for West Egg; they are the classy, the elegant, and the sophisticated. And put out their top of their lives to mask the unattractive corrupt reality. The American dream lost among the age of the crazy and wild Jazz. Ultimately Great Gatsby demonstrates the corruption of the American dream, as the unrestrained desire for money and pleasure surpassed more noble goals. For various reasons of course, the brutal a different way. And the American economic boom that brought the New money to young Americans from all kind of backgrounds. The book clearly demonstrated the ewe money in the West Egg, and their clash with the East Eggs established Old money aristocracy. As Nick explains it, easy money and relaxed social values have corrupted the dream. The most corrupted character in The Great Gatsby is undoubtedly the great Gatsby himself. Gatsby seems like a victim who loved and lost, and lost again. Jay Gatsby himself is living a corrupted life, his own name is not even real, and his fortune is from illegal bootlegging money. Since the war his life has been a reach for the green light that is Daisy. To Jay, Daisy represented perfection. She was a picture of wealth, sophistication, grace and aristocracy which Gatsby longed for as a child up until when he met her during the war. Gatsby has made Daisy a symbol of everything he values, and made the green light on her dock a symbol of his destiny with her. After being rejected by Daisy, he still clings on to his dream that Daisy will be back. Because the thought of his life long goal escaping him just like that does not seem reasonable to him. In a way Gatsby entire life was corrupted by this entire image of picture perfect goal off future with Daisy.

Adobo, The National Meal of The Philippines †Culinary Essay

Adobo, The National Meal of The Philippines – Culinary Essay Free Online Research Papers Adobo, The National Meal of The Philippines Culinary Essay Philippines, like all its other Asian counterparts, is a region of mouth-watering delights. Leading the roster of Filipino delicacies are the lechon (roasted whole pig or chicken), sinigang (chicken, pork or beef soup usually prepared with tamarind and other ingredients), dinuguan (pork blood stew) and adobo (e.g. pork or chicken slow-cooked in vinegar, soy sauce, bay leaf, and garlic) Among these delectable meals, of course, adobo best fits the title, â€Å"The National Meal† along with the bamboo, mango, milkfish and carabao as other iconic symbols of the country. The fact that adobo is well-loved by Filipinos, regardless of their social standing, home, province or region can not be denied. From the northernmost stretch of islands of Batanes to the vinta-dependent islets of Tawi-Tawi, adobo is a staple cuisine along with other regional favorites like the papaitan for the Ilocanos, pinikpikan for the Ifugaos and the Bicol Express for the Bicolanos. The dish is hugely popular among our native and indigent brothers as well as it is a must-eat among average and rich Filipinos alike. Different versions of the dish are usually the most-ordered meals on the menu of Filipino carinderias and restaurants; thus, signifying the nation’s penchant for adobo. The inviting smell of adobo lingers on our dining rooms every time we have our local gatherings or salu-salo. Even Filipino immigrants and overseas workers constantly crave for adobo abroad. Satiating their guilty pleasure, of course, only entails a session in the kitchen or a phone patch from ho me asking their loved ones to cook the most delicious adobo once they’ve reached Philippine shores again. Aside from the fact that adobo is well-loved by Filipinos, the dish also makes use of many of our local ingredients giving adobo the distinct Filipino flavor. We can give credit to the pure cane vinegar for the adobo’s rich sour taste and to the locally-produced soy sauce for its savory and salty feel. Sitaw or kangkong can also be added for healthier alternative. For spicier versions of adobo, adding siling labuyo and recado enhances the over-all zest of the meal. No other Filipino dish can also compete with adobo in terms of versatility and variety. Mixing vinegar, soy sauce and spices with either chicken, pork, fish, kangkong, sitaw or even crickets would yield to different varieties of the famous Filipino dish. Adobo sa gata, adobong matamis, adobong tuyo, adobong masabaw, adobo sulipan, adobo sa pinya, adobo sa kalamansi are only a few of the many ways to cook adobo. Adobo can also fill our pandesals, siopao, and puto, be made into adobo flakes, be poured evenly into our pizzas, and be mixed with spaghetti. And if those are not enough, local food companies have recently come up with adobo sauce and adobo spread. Adobo has the support of the Filipino people, the flavor, and the versatility to be an icon of the country. The meal offers an exciting feast for the senses and is indeed most deserving of the hallmark, â€Å"The National Meal†. Research Papers on Adobo, The National Meal of The Philippines - Culinary EssayNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Spring and AutumnAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaCapital PunishmentWhere Wild and West Meet19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraTwilight of the UAW

Women on the Texas Frontier Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Women on the Texas Frontier - Assignment Example Jacqueline Reiner points out various barriers that hindered Southern Women from moving out of the woman’s sphere; creating a scenario where only a few were able to move out of the woman’s sphere. The first barrier is associated with the fact that majority of the public offices were not open to the nineteenth century women (Jacqueline, pg. 53). The other issue that might have contributed to the essence of few women moving out of the woman’s sphere is the fact that women were only allowed to participate actively in churches, schools as well as in voluntary religious activities. The institutions of slavery during the early nineteenth century, especially among the Southern Women might have also contributed to the wide acceptance of the woman’s sphere among the white and the black women (Jacqueline, pg. 57). However, after the American Civil war, some of the Southern Women were compelled by social necessities to extend the essence of woman’s sphere to other social setting, thus they worked in public places like bars as bar tenders while a few were provided with opportunities for formal education (Jacqueline, pg. 58). On the other hand, some few women managed to join women’s organizations as well as clubs creating a scenario where only a few managed to move out of the woman’s

Conflict of Interest-role of Public Utility Board Essay

Conflict of Interest-role of Public Utility Board - Essay Example In Case No. 76-6 involving the practice of giving gifts to foreign officials, the NSPE Board of Ethical Review stated in part, â€Å"Even though the practice may be legal and accepted in the foreign country, and even though some might argue on pragmatic grounds the United States commercial companies should ‘go along’ to protect the jobs of employees in this country, we cannot accept it for professional services. No amount of rationalization or explanation will change the public reaction that the profession’s claim of placing service before profit has been compromised by a practice which is repugnant to the basic principles of ethical behavior under the laws and customs of this country†¦.we believe that the codes must be read on this most basic point of honor and integrity not only literally, but in the spirit of its purpose –to uphold the highest standards of the professional. Anything less is rationalization which cannot stand the test of placing the public ahead of all other considerations† Engineers who do think it is acceptable to use an agent abroad to â€Å"do the dirty work† thus acting like Pontius Pilate and â€Å"washing one’s hands† of the problem, also need to realize that they are committing a felony under the U.S. law and are subject to prosecution So long as they are U.S. citizens, the Federal Corrupt Practice Act applies to them. His comment also applies to corporations. A U.S. corporation is a citizen in the eyes of the law. Those companies engaging in bribery can avoid the law only by giving up their Q.2. The statement â€Å"Take off your engineering hat and put on your management hat.† implies that engineer shifts from their professionalism and assume another management task. This is vital especially when the management has loopholes that need to be addressed. Engineer B is employed in the engineering firm and is a member of BOD in a local public utility. As a member of the board, the utility uses 3 years to do a research on a new power generation plant.  

Reconstruction’s Failure Essay Example for Free

Reconstruction’s Failure Essay Congress Reconstruction efforts to ensure equal right to freedom failed because the enforcement acts that was giving in Document 2, Prejudice in the south giving Benjamin Boyer’s speech and from the book â€Å"Black Reconstruction in America† in document 6, another reason was the Compromise of 1877. In the exert from the New York times, it states the Ku Klux Klan purpose was to establish a nucleus around which the adherents of the late rebellion might safely rally. The whites thought that it threatened individual freedom because it allowed the government to punish the Ku Klux Klan and banned disguises. The kkk wonted to enforce the fourteenth amendment which is to â€Å"make slaves citizens† to the constitution of the U.S. They believed in the innate inferiority of blacks. The Ku Klux Klan and other terrorist groups tried to keep African Americans from making economic process They killed there livestock, attacked the African Americans who owned land and forced them to work for previous slaveholders. Many southerners were opposed to African Americans gaining equal right and voting in elections so they formed terrorist groups. They were very prejudice in the south. Benjamin Boyer’s wrote a speech that stated† It is common for the advocates of negro suffrage to assume that the color of the negro is the main obstacle to his political quality† meaning its common for people to see black as people who shouldn’t have the right to vote. He also said Negros are not equal of white Americans and are not entitled. In the book Black reconstruction in America he said the American Negro was compelled to give up his political power. What he was saying if Negros wonted to work or wonted to increase the income they couldn’t handle politics to. Another reason was the Compromise of 1877. After the southerners made great changes affecting the lives of freed African Americans, restricting the right of freed slaves. Hayes got the 20 disputed electoral votes. They were unlimitedly awarded to him after a bitter legal and political battle. The south accepts republican, Hayes becomes President and the North agrees to end reconstruction and withdraw troops. They also agreed to build a railroad from Texas to the West Coast and also agreed to appoint southerners to the cabinet. Reconstruction failed for many different reasons. Reconstruction was suppose to be the period of rebuilding after the Civil war in which all the confederate states returned to the union. Like  may things everything doesn’t always go as planned.

Mughal Emperor Akbar Essay -- Emperors Akbar India Essays

Mughal Emperor Akbar Topic: What were the contribution of the Mughal emperor Akbar to the creation of an Indian national Identity? What were the greatest obstacles to his achievement in this? The greatest of the Mughal’s emperors, Akbar, attempted the creation of a national identity for India by his numerous reforms, literal and cultural development, and policies of integration and organization. His reforms included a liberal policy toward the non-Muslims, religious innovations, the land revenue system and the famous Mansabdari system. His policy of religious toleration became the most significant aspect during his reign. Akbar established a new religion, the Din-i-Ilahi. But Akbar’s attempt to create a national identity and a social equilibrium through his religious and political innovations was met with many obstacles and much opposition. Akbar’s approach to the problem of effectively governing a vast empire, made up of various ethnic groups, was to identify his interests with those of the country and set himself to unite all his subjects. Akbar introduced a policy of reconciliation and assimilation of Hindus, who represented the majority of the population. Akbar understood the importance of tolerance, which was paramount to his dynasty’s long-term viability. The Hindus could only be reconciled by equality of treatment and respect for their institutions. Their employment was beneficial to the empire, as many were better businessmen than the Muslim invaders who were uneducated. Having defeated the Rajputs, the most militant of the Hindu rulers, he allied himself with them, by recruiting many capable Hindu chiefs with the highest ranks in government and by conferring honours upon them. To further build alliance with the Rajputs, he encouraged intermarriages between Mughal and Rajput aristocracy, setting himself as an example by marrying daughters of three leading Rajput chiefs. Akbar’s acts of tolerance were aimed at the Hindu community as a whole and not just at the Rajputs, who became one of the pillars of the empire. His efforts to win over the Hindu population included reforms like, allowing all Hindus to practice their own religion without disturbance, and Akbar further flattered them by personally participating in the ... ...letely destroyed by his great-grandson, Emperor Aurangzeb . - 2000 words - Assessment 84% - Has never been submitted anywhere except to the university for assessment. BIBLIOGRAPHY SECONDARY SOURCES Allan J. & Dodwell H.H., The Cambridge Shorter History of India, London, Cambridge University Press, 1934. De Riencourt, Amaury., The Soul of India, Revised edn., Great Britain, Honeyglen Publishing, 1986. Lamb, Beatrice Pitney., India: A World in Transition, New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1963. Ratman, T., Report on India, London, Oxford University Press, 1943. Rawlinson, H.G., India: A Short Cultural History, New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1952. Thapar, Romila., A History of India, vol. 1, London, Penguin Books, 1990. Watson, Francis., A Concise History of India, Great Britain, Thames and Hudson, 1974. accessed 5 August, 2004. accessed 5 August, 2004. accessed 4 August, 2004. accessed 5 August, 2004. accessed 4 August, 2004. accessed 2 August, 2004. accessed 27 July, 2004 accessed 25 July, 2004. accessed 25 July, 2004. accessed 28 July, 2004. accessed 2 August, 2004

Life in Mars Essay

For centuries people have speculated about the possibility of life on Mars owing to the planet’s proximity and similarity to Earth. Serious searches for evidence of life began in the 19th century, and continue via telescopic investigations and landed missions. While early work focused on phenomenology and bordered on fantasy, modern scientific inquiry has emphasized the search for chemical biosignatures of life in the soil and rocks at the planet’s surface, and the search for biomarker gases in the atmosphere. Fictional Martians have been a recurring feature of popular entertainment of the 20th and 21st centuries, and it remains an open question whether life currently exists on Mars, or has existed there in the past. Early speculation Mars’ polar ice caps were observed as early as the mid-17th century, and they were first proven to grow and shrink alternately, in the summer and winter of each hemisphere, by William Herschel in the latter part of the 18th century. By the mid-19th century, astronomers knew that Mars had certain other similarities to Earth, for example that the length of a day on Mars was almost the same as a day on Earth. They also knew that its axial tilt was similar to Earth’s, which meant it experienced seasons just as Earth does — but of nearly double the length owing to its much longer year. These observations led to the increase in speculation that the darker albedo features were water, and brighter ones were land. It was therefore natural to suppose that Mars may be inhabited by some form of life. In 1854, William Whewell, a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, who popularized the word scientist, theorized that Mars had seas, land and possibly life forms. Speculation about life on Mars exploded in the late 19th century, following telescopic observation by some observers of apparent Martian canals — which were however soon found to be optical illusions. Despite this, in 1895, American astronomer Percival Lowell published his book Mars, followed by Mars and its Canals in 1906, proposing that the canals were the work of a long-gone civilization. [2] This idea led British writer H. G. Wells to write The War of the Worlds in 1897, telling of an invasion by aliens from Mars who were fleeing the planet’s desiccation. Spectroscopic analysis of Mars’ atmosphere began in earnest in 1894, when U. S. astronomer William Wallace Campbell showed that neither water nor oxygen were present in the Martian atmosphere. [3] By 1909 better telescopes and the best perihelic opposition of Mars since 1877 conclusively put an end to the canal theory. Missions Mariner 4 Mariner 4 probe performed the first successful flyby of the planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the Martian surface in 1965. The photographs showed an arid Mars without rivers, oceans, or any signs of life. Further, it revealed that the surface (at least the parts that it photographed) was covered in craters, indicating a lack of plate tectonics and weathering of any kind for the last 4 billion years. The probe also found that Mars has no global magnetic field that would protect the planet from potentially life-threatening cosmic rays. The probe was able to calculate the atmospheric pressure on the planet to be about 0. 6 kPa (compared to Earth’s 101. 3 kPa), meaning that liquid water could not exist on the planet’s surface. 3] After Mariner 4, the search for life on Mars changed to a search for bacteria-like living organisms rather than for multicellular organisms, as the environment was clearly too harsh for these. Viking orbiters Liquid water is necessary for known life and metabolism, so if water was present on Mars, the chances of it having supported life may have been determinant. The Viking orbiters found evidence of possible river valleys in many areas, erosion and , in the southern hemisphere, branched streams. Viking experiments The primary mission of the Viking probes of the mid-1970s was to carry out experiments designed to detect microorganisms in Martian soil because the favorable conditions for the evolution of multicellular organisms ceased some four billion years ago on Mars. The tests were formulated to look for microbial life similar to that found on Earth. Of the four experiments, only the Labeled Release (LR) experiment returned a positive result, showing increased 14CO2 production on first exposure of soil to water and nutrients. All scientists agree on two points from the Viking missions: that radiolabeled 14CO2 was evolved in the Labeled Release experiment, and that the GC-MS detected no organic molecules. However, there are vastly different interpretations of what those results imply. The image taken by Viking probes resembling a human face caused many to speculate that it was the work of an extraterrestrial civilization. One of the designers of the Labeled Release experiment, Gilbert Levin, believes his results are a definitive diagnostic for life on Mars. However, this result is disputed by many scientists, who argue that superoxidant chemicals in the soil could have produced this effect without life being present. An almost general consensus discarded the Labeled Release data as evidence of life, because the gas chromatograph & mass spectrometer, designed to identify natural organic matter, did not detect organic molecules. The results of the Viking mission concerning life are considered by the general expert community, at best, as inconclusive. In 2007, during a Seminar of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution (Washington, D. C. , USA), Gilbert Levin’s investigation was assessed once more. Levin still maintains that his original data were correct, as the positive and negative control experiments were in order. Moreover, Levin’s team, on 12 April 2012, reported a statistical speculation, based on old data —reinterpreted mathematically through complexity analysis— of the Labeled Release experiments, that may suggest evidence of â€Å"extant microbial life on Mars. Critics counter that the method has not yet been proven effective for differentiating between biological and non-biological processes on Earth so it is premature to draw any conclusions. Ronald Paepe, an edaphologist (soil scientist), communicated to the European Geosciences Union Congress that the discovery of the recent detection of silicate minerals on Mars may indicate pedogenesis, or soil development processes, extended over the entire surface of Mars. Paepe’s interpretation views most of Mars surface as active soil, colored red by eons of widespread wearing by water, vegetation and microbial activity. A research team from the National Autonomous University of Mexico headed by Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez, concluded that the equipment (TV-GC-MS) used by the Viking program to search for organic molecules, may not be sensitive enough to detect low levels of organics. Because of the simplicity of sample handling, TV–GC–MS is still considered the standard method for organic detection on future Mars missions, so Navarro-Gonzalez suggests that the design of future organic instruments for Mars should include other methods of detection. Gillevinia straata The claim for life on Mars, in the form of Gillevinia straata, is based on old data reinterpreted as sufficient evidence of life, mainly by professors Gilbert Levin, Rafael Navarro-Gonzalez and Ronalds Paepe. The evidence supporting the existence of Gillevinia straata microorganisms relies on the data collected by the two Mars Viking landers that searched for biosignatures of life, but the analytical results were, officially, inconclusive. In 2006, Mario Crocco, a neurobiologist at the Neuropsychiatric Hospital Borda in Buenos Aires, Argentina, proposed the creation of a new nomenclatural rank that classified the Viking landers’ results as ‘metabolic’ and therefore belonging to a form of life. Crocco proposed to create new biological ranking categories (taxa), in the new kingdom system of life, in order to be able to accommodate the genus of Martian microorganisms. Crocco proposed the following taxonomical entry: * Organic life system: Solaria * Biosphere: Marciana Kingdom: Jakobia (named after neurobiologist Christfried Jakob) * Genus et species: Gillevinia straata As a result, the hypothetical Gillevinia straata would not be a bacterium (which rather is a terrestrial taxon), but a member of the kingdom ‘Jakobia’ in the biosphere ‘Marciana’ of the ‘Solaria’ system. The intended effect of the new nomenclature was to reverse the burden of proof concerning the life issue, but the taxonomy proposed by Crocco has not been accepted by the scientific community and is considered a single nomen nudum. Further, no Mars mission has found traces of biomolecules. Phoenix lander, 2008 The Phoenix mission landed a robotic spacecraft in the polar region of Mars on May 25, 2008 and it operated until November 10, 2008. One of the mission’s two primary objectives was to search for a â€Å"habitable zone† in the Martian regolith where microbial life could exist, the other main goal being to study the geological history of water on Mars. The lander has a 2. 5 meter robotic arm that was capable of digging shallow trenches in the regolith. There was an electrochemistry experiment which analysed the ions in the regolith and the amount and type of antioxidants on Mars. The Viking program data indicate that oxidants on Mars may vary with latitude, noting that Viking 2 saw fewer oxidants than Viking 1 in its more northerly position. Phoenix landed further north still. Phoenix’s preliminary data revealed that Mars soil contains perchlorate, and thus may not be as life-friendly as thought earlier. The pH and salinity level were viewed as benign from the standpoint of biology. The analysers also indicated the presence of bound water and CO2. Mars Science Laboratory Main articles: Mars Science Laboratory and Curiosity rover The Mars Science Laboratory mission is a NASA spacecraft launched on November 26, 2011 that deployed the Curiosity rover, a nuclear-powered robot bearing instruments designed to look for past or present conditions relevant to biological activity (planetary habitability). The Curiosity rover landed on Mars on Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater, near Aeolis Mons (a. k. a. Mount Sharp), on August 6, 2012. Future missions * ExoMars is a European-led multi-spacecraft programme currently under development by the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA for launch in 2016 and 2018. Its primary scientific mission will be to search for possible biosignatures on Mars, past or present. Two rovers with a 2 m core drill each will be used to sample various depths beneath the surface where liquid water may be found and where microorganisms might survive cosmic radiation. * Mars Sample Return Mission — The best life detection experiment proposed is the examination on Earth of a soil sample from Mars. However, the difficulty of providing and maintaining life support over the months of transit from Mars to Earth remains to be solved. Providing for still unknown environmental and nutritional requirements is daunting. Should dead organisms be found in a sample, it would be difficult to conclude that those organisms were alive when obtained. Meteorites NASA maintains a catalog of 34 Mars meteorites. These assets are highly valuable since they are the only physical samples available of Mars. Studies conducted by NASA’s Johnson Space Center show that at least three of the meteorites contain potential evidence of past life on Mars, in the form of microscopic structures resembling fossilized bacteria (so-called biomorphs). Although the scientific evidence collected is reliable, its interpretation varies. To date, none of the original lines of scientific evidence for the hypothesis that the biomorphs are of exobiological origin (the so-called biogenic hypothesis) have been either discredited or positively ascribed to non-biological explanations. Over the past few decades, seven criteria have been established for the recognition of past life within terrestrial geologic samples. Those criteria are: 1. Is the geologic context of the sample compatible with past life? 2. Is the age of the sample and its stratigraphic location compatible with possible life? 3. Does the sample contain evidence of cellular morphology and colonies? 4.  Is there any evidence of biominerals showing chemical or mineral disequilibria? 5. Is there any evidence of stable isotope patterns unique to biology? 6. Are there any organic biomarkers present? 7. Are the features indigenous to the sample? For general acceptance of past life in a geologic sample, essentially most or all of these criteria must be met. All seven criteria have not yet been met for any of the Martian samples, but continued investigations are in progress. As of 2010, reexaminations of the biomorphs found in the three Martian meteorites are underway with more advanced analytical instruments than previously available. The scientists conducting the study at Johnson Space Center believed that before the end of the year they would find in the meteorites definitive evidence for past life on Mars. ALH84001 meteorite The ALH84001 meteorite was found in December 1984 in Antarctica, by members of the ANSMET project; the meteorite weighs 1. 93 kilograms (4. 3 lb). The sample was ejected from Mars about 17 million years ago and spent 11,000 years in or on the Antarctic ice sheets. Composition analysis by NASA revealed a kind of magnetite that on Earth, is only found in association with certain microorganisms. Then, in August 2002, another NASA team led by Thomas-Keptra published a study indicating that 25% of the magnetite in ALH 84001 occurs as small, uniform-sized crystals that, on Earth, is associated only with biologic activity, and that the remainder of the material appears to be normal inorganic magnetite. The extraction technique did not permit determination as to whether the possibly biological magnetite was organized into chains as would be expected. The meteorite displays indication of relatively low temperature secondary mineralization by water and shows evidence of preterrestrial aqueous alteration. Evidence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified with the levels increasing away from the surface. Some structures resembling the mineralized casts of terrestrial bacteria and their appendages (fibrils) or by-products (extracellular polymeric substances) occur in the rims of carbonate globules and preterrestrial aqueous alteration regions. The size and shape of the objects is consistent with Earthly fossilized nanobacteria, but the existence of nanobacteria itself is controversial. In November 2009, NASA scientists said that a recent, more detailed analysis showed that the meteorite â€Å"contains strong evidence that life may have existed on ancient Mars†. Nakhla Meteorite The Nakhla meteorite fell on Earth on June 28, 1911 on the locality of Nakhla, Alexandria, Egypt. In 1998, a team from NASA’s Johnson Space Center obtained a small sample for analysis. Researchers found preterrestrial aqueous alteration phases and objects of the size and shape consistent with Earthly fossilized nanobacteria, but the existence of nanobacteria itself is controversial. Analysis with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) studied its high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 2000, and NASA scientists concluded that as much as 75% of the organic matter in Nakhla â€Å"may not be recent terrestrial contamination†. This caused additional interest in this meteorite, so in 2006, NASA managed to obtain an additional and larger sample from the London Natural History Museum. On this second sample, a large dendritic carbon content was observed. When the results and evidence were published on 2006, some independent researchers claimed that the carbon deposits are of biologic origin. However, it was remarked that since carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the Universe, finding it in curious patterns is not indicative or suggestive of biological origin. Shergotty meteorite The Shergotty meteorite, a 4 kg Martian meteorite, fell on Earth on Shergotty, India on August 25, 1865 and was retrieved by witnesses almost immediately. [45] This meteorite is relatively young, calculated to have been formed on Mars only 165 million years ago from volcanic origin. It is composed mostly of pyroxene and thought to have undergone preterrestrial aqueous alteration for several centuries. Certain features in its interior suggest to be remnants of biofilm and their associated microbial communities. [33] Work is in progress on searching for magnetites within alteration phases. Liquid water No Mars probe since Viking has tested the Martian regolith specifically for metabolism which is the ultimate sign of current life. NASA’s recent missions have focused on another question: whether Mars held lakes or oceans of liquid water on its surface in the ancient past. Scientists have found hematite, a mineral that forms in the presence of water. Thus, the mission of the Mars Exploration Rovers of 2004 was not to look for present or past life, but for evidence of liquid water on the surface of Mars in the planet’s ancient past. Liquid water, necessary for Earth life and for metabolism as generally conducted by species on Earth, cannot exist on the surface of Mars under its present low atmospheric pressure and temperature, except at the lowest shaded elevations for short periods and liquid water does not appear at the surface itself. In June 2000, evidence for water currently under the surface of Mars was discovered in the form of flood-like gullies. Deep subsurface water deposits near the planet’s liquid core might form a present-day habitat for life. However, in March 2006, astronomers announced the discovery of similar gullies on the Moon, which is believed never to have had liquid water on its surface. The astronomers suggest that the gullies could be the result of micrometeorite impacts. In March 2004, NASA announced that its rover Opportunity had discovered evidence that Mars was, in the ancient past, a wet planet. This had raised hopes that evidence of past life might be found on the planet today. ESA confirmed that the Mars Express orbiter had directly detected huge reserves of water ice at Mars’ south pole in January 2004. On July 28, 2005, ESA announced that they had recorded photographic evidence of surface water ice near Mars’ North pole. In December 2006, NASA showed images taken by the Mars Global Surveyor that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars. The images did not actually show flowing water. Rather, they showed changes in craters and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water oursed through them as recently as several years ago, and is perhaps doing so even now. Some researchers were skeptical that liquid water was responsible for the surface feature changes seen by the spacecraft. They said other materials such as sand or dust can flow like a liquid and produce similar results. Recent analysis of Martian sandstones, using data obtained from orbital spectrometry, suggests that the waters that previously existed on the surface of Mars would have had too high a salinity to support most Earth-like life. Tosca et al. found that the Martian water in the locations they studied all had water activity, aw ? . 78 to 0. 86—a level fatal to most Terrestrial life. Haloarchaea, however, are able to live in hypersaline solutions, up to the saturation point. The Phoenix Mars lander from NASA, which landed in the Mars Arctic plain in May 2008, confirmed the presence of frozen water near the surface. This was confirmed when bright material, exposed by the digging arm of the lander, was found to have vaporized and disappeared in 3 to 4 days. This has been attributed to sub-surface ice, exposed by the digging and sublimated on exposure to the atmosphere. Methane Trace amounts of methane in the atmosphere of Mars were discovered in 2003 and verified in 2004. As methane is an unstable gas, its presence indicates that there must be an active source on the planet in order to keep such levels in the atmosphere. It is estimated that Mars must produce 270 ton/year of methane, but asteroid impacts account for only 0. 8% of the total methane production. Although geologic sources of methane such as serpentinization are possible, the lack of current volcanism, hydrothermal activity or hotspots are not favorable for geologic methane. It has been suggested that the methane was produced by chemical reactions in meteorites, driven by the intense heat during entry through the atmosphere. Although research published in December 2009 ruled out this possibility, research published in 2012 suggest that a source may be organic compounds on meteorites that are converted to methane by ultraviolet radiation. The existence of life in the form of microorganisms such as methanogens is among possible, but as yet unproven sources. If microscopic Martian life is producing the methane, it likely resides far below the surface, where it is still warm enough for liquid water to exist. Since the 2003 discovery of methane in the atmosphere, some scientists have been designing models and in vitro experiments testing growth of methanogenic bacteria on simulated Martian soil, where all four methanogen strains tested produced substantial levels of methane, even in the presence of 1. 0wt% perchlorate salt. The results reported indicate that the perchlorates discovered by the Phoenix Lander would not rule out the possible presence of methanogens on Mars. A team led by Levin suggested that both phenomena—methane production and degradation—could be accounted for by an ecology of methane-producing and methane-consuming microorganisms. In June 2012, scientists reported that measuring the ratio of hydrogen and methane levels on Mars may help determine the likelihood of life on Mars. According to the scientists, â€Å"†¦ low H2/CH4 ratios (less than approximately 40) indicate that life is likely present and active. † Other scientists have recently reported methods of detecting hydrogen and methane in extraterrestrial atmospheres. Formaldehyde In February 2005, it was announced that the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) on the European Space Agency’s Mars Express Orbiter, detected traces of formaldehyde in the atmosphere of Mars. Vittorio Formisano, the director of the PFS, has speculated that the formaldehyde could be the byproduct of the oxidation of methane, and according to him, would provide evidence that Mars is either extremely geologically active, or harbouring colonies of microbial life. NASA scientists consider the preliminary findings are well worth a follow-up, but have also rejected the claims of life. Silica In May 2007, the Spirit rover disturbed a patch of ground with its inoperative wheel, uncovering an area extremely rich in silica (90%). The feature is reminiscent of the effect of hot spring water or steam coming into contact with volcanic rocks. Scientists consider this as evidence of a past environment that may have been favorable for microbial life, and theorize that one possible origin for the silica may have been produced by the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water. Another possible origin could have been from water in a hot spring environment. Based on Earth analogs, hydrothermal systems on Mars would be highly attractive for their potential for preserving organic and inorganic biosignatures. For example, iron oxidizing bacteria are abundant in marine and terrestrial hydrothermal systems, where they often display distinctive cell morphologies and are commonly encrusted by minerals, especially bacteriogenic iron oxides and silica. Microfossils of iron oxidizing bacteria have been found in ancient Si-Fe deposits and iron oxidation may be an ancient and widespread metabolic pathway. 83] If possible, future rover missions will target extinct hydrothermal vent systems on Mars. Geysers on Mars The seasonal frosting and defrosting of the southern ice cap results in the formation of spider-like radial channels carved on 1 meter thick ice by sunlight. Then, sublimed CO2 – and probably water –increase pressure in their interior producing geyser-like eruptions of cold fluids often mixed with dark basaltic sand or mud. This process is rapid, observed happening in the space of a few days, weeks or months, a growth rate rather unusual in geology – especially for Mars. A team of Hungarian scientists proposes that the geysers’ most visible features, dark dune spots and spider channels, may be colonies of photosynthetic Martian microorganisms, which over-winter beneath the ice cap, and as the sunlight returns to the pole during early spring, light penetrates the ice, the microorganisms photosynthesize and heat their immediate surroundings. A pocket of liquid water, which would normally evaporate instantly in the thin Martian atmosphere, is trapped around them by the overlying ice. As this ice layer thins, the microorganisms show through grey. When the layer has completely melted, the microorganisms rapidly desiccate and turn black, surrounded by a grey aureole. The Hungarian scientists believe that even a complex sublimation process is insufficient to explain the formation and evolution of the dark dune spots in space and time. Since their discovery, fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke promoted these formations as deserving of study from an astrobiological perspective. A multinational European team suggests that if liquid water is present in the spiders’ channels during their annual defrost cycle, they might provide a niche where certain microscopic life forms could have retreated and adapted while sheltered from solar radiation. A British team also considers the possibility that organic matter, microbes, or even simple plants might co-exist with these inorganic formations, especially if the mechanism includes liquid water and a geothermal energy source. However, they also remark that the majority of geological structures may be accounted for without invoking any organic â€Å"life on Mars† hypothesis. It has been proposed to develop the Mars Geyser Hopper lander to study the geysers up close. Cosmic radiation In 1965, the Mariner 4 probe discovered that Mars had no global magnetic field that would protect the planet from potentially life-threatening cosmic radiation and solar radiation; observations made in the late 1990s by the Mars Global Surveyor confirmed this discovery. Scientists speculate that the lack of magnetic shielding helped the solar wind blow away much of Mars’s atmosphere over the course of several billion years. After mapping cosmic radiation levels at various depths on Mars, researchers have concluded that any life within the first several meters of the planet’s surface would be killed by lethal doses of cosmic radiation. In 2007, it was calculated that DNA and RNA damage by cosmic radiation would limit life on Mars to depths greater than 7. 5 metres below the planet’s surface. Therefore, the best potential locations for discovering life on Mars may be at subsurface environments that have not been studied yet.